IFCONFIG(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual IFCONFIG(8)
NAME
ifconfig - configure network interface parameters
SYNOPSIS
ifconfig [-f type:format[,type:format ...]] [-L] [-k] [-m] [-n] interface
[create] address_family [address [dest_address]] [parameters]
ifconfig interface destroy
ifconfig -a [-L] [-d] [-[gG] groupname] [-m] [-u] [-v] [address_family]
ifconfig -l [-d] [-u] [address_family]
ifconfig [-L] [-d] [-k] [-m] [-u] [-v] [-C]
ifconfig [-g groupname]
DESCRIPTION
The ifconfig utility is used to assign an address to a network interface
and/or configure network interface parameters. The ifconfig utility must
be used at boot time to define the network address of each interface
present on a machine; it may also be used at a later time to redefine an
interface's address or other operating parameters.
The following options are available:
address
For the DARPA-Internet family, the address is either a host name
present in the host name data base, hosts(5), or a DARPA Internet
address expressed in the Internet standard "dot notation".
It is also possible to use the CIDR notation (also known as the
slash notation) to include the netmask. That is, one can specify
an address like 192.168.0.1/16.
For the "inet6" family, it is also possible to specify the prefix
length using the slash notation, like ::1/128. See the prefixlen
parameter below for more information.
The link-level ("link") address is specified as a series of
colon-separated hex digits. This can be used to, for example,
set a new MAC address on an Ethernet interface, though the
mechanism used is not Ethernet specific. Use the ("random")
keyword to set a randomly generated MAC address. A randomly-
generated MAC address might be the same as one already in use in
the network. Such duplications are extremely unlikely. If the
interface is already up when this option is used, it will be
briefly brought down and then brought back up again in order to
ensure that the receive filter in the underlying Ethernet
hardware is properly reprogrammed.
address_family
Specify the address family which affects interpretation of the
remaining parameters. Since an interface can receive
transmissions in differing protocols with different naming
schemes, specifying the address family is recommended. The
address or protocol families currently supported are "inet",
"inet6", and "link". The default if available is "inet" or
otherwise "link". "ether" and "lladdr" are synonyms for "link".
When using the -l flag, the "ether" address family has special
meaning and is no longer synonymous with "link" or "lladdr".
Specifying -l "ether" will list only Ethernet interfaces,
excluding all other interface types, including the loopback
interface.
dest_address
Specify the address of the correspondent on the other end of a
point to point link.
interface
This parameter is a string of the form "name unit", for example,
"em0".
groupname
List the interfaces in the given group.
The output format of ifconfig can be controlled using the -f flag or the
IFCONFIG_FORMAT environment variable. The format is specified as a comma
separated list of type:format pairs. See the EXAMPLES section for more
information. The types and their associated format strings are:
addr Adjust the display of inet and inet6 addresses
default Display inet and inet6 addresses in the default format,
numeric
fqdn Display inet and inet6 addresses as fully qualified
domain names (FQDN)
host Display inet and inet6 addresses as unqualified hostnames
numeric Display inet and inet6 addresses in numeric format
ether Adjust the display of link-level ethernet (MAC) addresses
colon Separate address segments with a colon
dash Separate address segments with a dash
default Display ethernet addresses in the default format, colon
inet Adjust the display of inet address subnet masks:
cidr Display subnet masks in CIDR notation, for example:
10.0.0.0/8 or 203.0.113.224/26
default Display subnet masks in the default format, hex
dotted Display subnet masks in dotted quad notation, for
example:
255.255.0.0 or 255.255.255.192
hex Display subnet masks in hexadecimal, for example:
0xffff0000 or 0xffffffc0
inet6 Adjust the display of inet6 address prefixes (subnet masks):
cidr Display subnet prefix in CIDR notation, for example:
::1/128 or fe80::1%lo0/64
default Display subnet prefix in the default format numeric
numeric Display subnet prefix in integer format, for example:
prefixlen 64
The following parameters may be set with ifconfig:
add Another name for the alias parameter. Introduced for
compatibility with BSD/OS.
alias Establish an additional network address for this interface. This
is sometimes useful when changing network numbers, and one wishes
to accept packets addressed to the old interface. If the address
is on the same subnet as the first network address for this
interface, a non-conflicting netmask must be given. Usually
0xffffffff is most appropriate.
-alias Remove the network address specified. This would be used if you
incorrectly specified an alias, or it was no longer needed. If
you have incorrectly set an NS address having the side effect of
specifying the host portion, removing all NS addresses will allow
you to respecify the host portion.
anycast
(Inet6 only.) Specify that the address configured is an anycast
address. Based on the current specification, only routers may
configure anycast addresses. Anycast address will not be used as
source address of any of outgoing IPv6 packets.
arp Enable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol (arp(4)) in
mapping between network level addresses and link level addresses
(default). This is currently implemented for mapping between
DARPA Internet addresses and IEEE 802 48-bit MAC addresses
(Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring addresses).
-arp Disable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol (arp(4)).
staticarp
If the Address Resolution Protocol is enabled, the host will only
reply to requests for its addresses, and will never send any
requests.
-staticarp
If the Address Resolution Protocol is enabled, the host will
perform normally, sending out requests and listening for replies.
broadcast
(Inet only.) Specify the address to use to represent broadcasts
to the network. The default broadcast address is the address
with a host part of all 1's.
debug Enable driver dependent debugging code; usually, this turns on
extra console error logging.
-debug Disable driver dependent debugging code.
promisc
Put interface into permanently promiscuous mode.
-promisc
Disable permanently promiscuous mode.
delete Another name for the -alias parameter.
description value, descr value
Specify a description of the interface. This can be used to
label interfaces in situations where they may otherwise be
difficult to distinguish.
-description, -descr
Clear the interface description.
down Mark an interface "down". When an interface is marked "down",
the system will not attempt to transmit messages through that
interface. If possible, the interface will be reset to disable
reception as well. This action does not automatically disable
routes using the interface.
group groupname
Assign the interface to a "group". Any interface can be in
multiple groups.
Cloned interfaces are members of their interface family group by
default. For example, a PPP interface such as ppp0 is a member
of the PPP interface family group, ppp.
-group groupname
Remove the interface from the given "group".
eui64 (Inet6 only.) Fill interface index (lowermost 64bit of an IPv6
address) automatically.
fib fib_number
Specify interface FIB. A FIB fib_number is assigned to all
frames or packets received on that interface. The FIB is not
inherited, e.g., vlans or other sub-interfaces will use the
default FIB (0) irrespective of the parent interface's FIB. The
kernel needs to be tuned to support more than the default FIB
using the ROUTETABLES kernel configuration option, or the
net.fibs tunable.
tunnelfib fib_number
Specify tunnel FIB. A FIB fib_number is assigned to all packets
encapsulated by tunnel interface, e.g., gif(4) and gre(4).
maclabel label
If Mandatory Access Control support is enabled in the kernel, set
the MAC label to label.
media type
If the driver supports the media selection system, set the media
type of the interface to type. Some interfaces support the
mutually exclusive use of one of several different physical media
connectors. For example, a 10Mbit/s Ethernet interface might
support the use of either AUI or twisted pair connectors.
Setting the media type to 10base5/AUI would change the currently
active connector to the AUI port. Setting it to 10baseT/UTP
would activate twisted pair. Refer to the interfaces' driver
specific documentation or man page for a complete list of the
available types.
mediaopt opts
If the driver supports the media selection system, set the
specified media options on the interface. The opts argument is a
comma delimited list of options to apply to the interface. Refer
to the interfaces' driver specific man page for a complete list
of available options.
-mediaopt opts
If the driver supports the media selection system, disable the
specified media options on the interface.
mode mode
If the driver supports the media selection system, set the
specified operating mode on the interface to mode. For IEEE
802.11 wireless interfaces that support multiple operating modes
this directive is used to select between 802.11a (11a), 802.11b
(11b), and 802.11g (11g) operating modes.
txrtlmt
Set if the driver supports TX rate limiting.
inst minst, instance minst
Set the media instance to minst. This is useful for devices
which have multiple physical layer interfaces (PHYs).
name name
Set the interface name to name.
rxcsum, txcsum, rxcsum6, txcsum6
If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading,
enable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the
interface. The feature can be turned on selectively per protocol
family. Use rxcsum6, txcsum6 for ip6(4) or rxcsum, txcsum
otherwise. Some drivers may not be able to enable these flags
independently of each other, so setting one may also set the
other. The driver will offload as much checksum work as it can
reliably support, the exact level of offloading varies between
drivers.
-rxcsum, -txcsum, -rxcsum6, -txcsum6
If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading,
disable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the
interface. The feature can be turned off selectively per
protocol family. Use -rxcsum6, -txcsum6 for ip6(4) or -rxcsum,
-txcsum otherwise. These settings may not always be independent
of each other.
tso If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading, enable TSO
on the interface. Some drivers may not be able to support TSO
for ip(4) and ip6(4) packets, so they may enable only one of
them.
-tso If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading, disable
TSO on the interface. It will always disable TSO for ip(4) and
ip6(4).
tso6, tso4
If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading for ip6(4)
or ip(4) use one of these to selectively enabled it only for one
protocol family.
-tso6, -tso4
If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading for ip6(4)
or ip(4) use one of these to selectively disable it only for one
protocol family.
lro If the driver supports tcp(4) large receive offloading, enable
LRO on the interface.
-lro If the driver supports tcp(4) large receive offloading, disable
LRO on the interface.
txtls Transmit TLS offload encrypts Transport Layer Security (TLS)
records and segments the encrypted record into one or more tcp(4)
segments over either ip(4) or ip6(4). If the driver supports
transmit TLS offload, enable transmit TLS offload on the
interface. Some drivers may not be able to support transmit TLS
offload for ip(4) and ip6(4) packets, so they may enable only one
of them.
-txtls If the driver supports transmit TLS offload, disable transmit TLS
offload on the interface. It will always disable TLS for ip(4)
and ip6(4).
txtlsrtlmt
Enable use of rate limiting (packet pacing) for TLS offload.
-txtlsrtlmt
Disable use of rate limiting for TLS offload.
mextpg If the driver supports extended multi-page mbuf(9) buffers,
enable them on the interface.
-mextpg
If the driver supports extended multi-page mbuf(9) biffers,
disable them on the interface.
wol, wol_ucast, wol_mcast, wol_magic
Enable Wake On Lan (WOL) support, if available. WOL is a
facility whereby a machine in a low power state may be woken in
response to a received packet. There are three types of packets
that may wake a system: ucast (directed solely to the machine's
mac address), mcast (directed to a broadcast or multicast
address), or magic (unicast or multicast frames with a ``magic
contents''). Not all devices support WOL, those that do indicate
the mechanisms they support in their capabilities. wol is a
synonym for enabling all available WOL mechanisms. To disable
WOL use -wol.
vlanmtu, vlanhwtag, vlanhwfilter, vlanhwcsum, vlanhwtso
If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, enable
reception of extended frames, tag processing in hardware, frame
filtering in hardware, checksum offloading, or TSO on VLAN,
respectively. Note that this must be configured on a physical
interface associated with vlan(4), not on a vlan(4) interface
itself.
-vlanmtu, -vlanhwtag, -vlanhwfilter, -vlanhwtso
If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, disable
reception of extended frames, tag processing in hardware, frame
filtering in hardware, or TSO on VLAN, respectively.
vxlanhwcsum, vxlanhwtso
If the driver offers user-configurable VXLAN support, enable
inner checksum offloading (receive and transmit) or TSO on VXLAN,
respectively. Note that this must be configured on a physical
interface associated with vxlan(4), not on a vxlan(4) interface
itself. The physical interface is either the interface specified
as the vxlandev or the interface hosting the vxlanlocal address.
The driver will offload as much checksum work and TSO as it can
reliably support, the exact level of offloading may vary between
drivers.
-vxlanhwcsum, -vxlanhwtso
If the driver offers user-configurable VXLAN support, disable
checksum offloading (receive and transmit) or TSO on VXLAN,
respectively.
vnet jail
Move the interface to the jail(8), specified by name or JID. If
the jail has a virtual network stack, the interface will
disappear from the current environment and become visible to the
jail.
-vnet jail
Reclaim the interface from the jail(8), specified by name or JID.
If the jail has a virtual network stack, the interface will
disappear from the jail, and become visible to the current
network environment.
polling
Turn on polling(4) feature and disable interrupts on the
interface, if driver supports this mode.
-polling
Turn off polling(4) feature and enable interrupt mode on the
interface.
create Create the specified network pseudo-device. If the interface is
given without a unit number, try to create a new device with an
arbitrary unit number. If creation of an arbitrary device is
successful, the new device name is printed to standard output
unless the interface is renamed or destroyed in the same ifconfig
invocation.
destroy
Destroy the specified network pseudo-device.
plumb Another name for the create parameter. Included for Solaris
compatibility.
unplumb
Another name for the destroy parameter. Included for Solaris
compatibility.
metric n
Set the routing metric of the interface to n, default 0. The
routing metric is used by the routing protocol (routed(8)).
Higher metrics have the effect of making a route less favorable;
metrics are counted as additional hops to the destination network
or host.
mtu n Set the maximum transmission unit of the interface to n, default
is interface specific. The MTU is used to limit the size of
packets that are transmitted on an interface. Not all interfaces
support setting the MTU, and some interfaces have range
restrictions.
netmask mask
(Inet only.) Specify how much of the address to reserve for
subdividing networks into sub-networks. The mask includes the
network part of the local address and the subnet part, which is
taken from the host field of the address. The mask can be
specified as a single hexadecimal number with a leading `0x',
with a dot-notation Internet address, or with a pseudo-network
name listed in the network table networks(5). The mask contains
1's for the bit positions in the 32-bit address which are to be
used for the network and subnet parts, and 0's for the host part.
The mask should contain at least the standard network portion,
and the subnet field should be contiguous with the network
portion.
The netmask can also be specified in CIDR notation after the
address. See the address option above for more information.
prefixlen len
(Inet6 only.) Specify that len bits are reserved for subdividing
networks into sub-networks. The len must be integer, and for
syntactical reason it must be between 0 to 128. It is almost
always 64 under the current IPv6 assignment rule. If the
parameter is omitted, 64 is used.
The prefix can also be specified using the slash notation after
the address. See the address option above for more information.
remove Another name for the -alias parameter. Introduced for
compatibility with BSD/OS.
link[0-2]
Enable special processing of the link level of the interface.
These three options are interface specific in actual effect,
however, they are in general used to select special modes of
operation. An example of this is to enable SLIP compression, or
to select the connector type for some Ethernet cards. Refer to
the man page for the specific driver for more information.
-link[0-2]
Disable special processing at the link level with the specified
interface.
monitor
Put the interface in monitor mode. No packets are transmitted,
and received packets are discarded after bpf(4) processing.
-monitor
Take the interface out of monitor mode.
pcp priority_code_point
Priority code point (PCP) is an 3-bit field which refers to the
IEEE 802.1p class of service and maps to the frame priority
level.
-pcp Stop tagging packets on the interface w/ the priority code point.
up Mark an interface "up". This may be used to enable an interface
after an "ifconfig down". It happens automatically when setting
the first address on an interface. If the interface was reset
when previously marked down, the hardware will be re-initialized.
The following parameters are for ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol.
Note that the address family keyword "inet6" is needed for them:
accept_rtadv
Set a flag to enable accepting ICMPv6 Router Advertisement
messages. The sysctl(8) variable net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv
controls whether this flag is set by default or not.
-accept_rtadv
Clear a flag accept_rtadv.
no_radr
Set a flag to control whether routers from which the system
accepts Router Advertisement messages will be added to the
Default Router List or not. When the accept_rtadv flag is
disabled, this flag has no effect. The sysctl(8) variable
net.inet6.ip6.no_radr controls whether this flag is set by
default or not.
-no_radr
Clear a flag no_radr.
auto_linklocal
Set a flag to perform automatic link-local address configuration
when the interface becomes available. The sysctl(8) variable
net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal controls whether this flag is set by
default or not.
-auto_linklocal
Clear a flag auto_linklocal.
defaultif
Set the specified interface as the default route when there is no
default router.
-defaultif
Clear a flag defaultif.
ifdisabled
Set a flag to disable all of IPv6 network communications on the
specified interface. Note that if there are already configured
IPv6 addresses on that interface, all of them are marked as
"tentative" and DAD will be performed when this flag is cleared.
-ifdisabled
Clear a flag ifdisabled. When this flag is cleared and
auto_linklocal flag is enabled, automatic configuration of a
link-local address is performed.
nud Set a flag to enable Neighbor Unreachability Detection.
-nud Clear a flag nud.
no_prefer_iface
Set a flag to not honor rule 5 of source address selection in RFC
3484. In practice this means the address on the outgoing
interface will not be preferred, effectively yielding the
decision to the address selection policy table, configurable with
ip6addrctl(8).
-no_prefer_iface
Clear a flag no_prefer_iface.
no_dad Set a flag to disable Duplicate Address Detection.
-no_dad
Clear a flag no_dad.
The following parameters are specific for IPv6 addresses. Note that the
address family keyword "inet6" is needed for them:
autoconf
Set the IPv6 autoconfigured address bit.
-autoconf
Clear the IPv6 autoconfigured address bit.
deprecated
Set the IPv6 deprecated address bit.
-deprecated
Clear the IPv6 deprecated address bit.
pltime n
Set preferred lifetime for the address.
prefer_source
Set a flag to prefer address as a candidate of the source address
for outgoing packets.
-prefer_source
Clear a flag prefer_source.
vltime n
Set valid lifetime for the address.
The following parameters are specific to cloning IEEE 802.11 wireless
interfaces with the create request:
wlandev device
Use device as the parent for the cloned device.
wlanmode mode
Specify the operating mode for this cloned device. mode is one
of sta, ahdemo (or adhoc-demo), ibss (or adhoc), ap (or hostap),
wds, tdma, mesh, and monitor. The operating mode of a cloned
interface cannot be changed. The tdma mode is actually
implemented as an adhoc-demo interface with special properties.
wlanbssid bssid
The 802.11 mac address to use for the bssid. This must be
specified at create time for a legacy wds device.
wlanaddr address
The local mac address. If this is not specified then a mac
address will automatically be assigned to the cloned device.
Typically this address is the same as the address of the parent
device but if the bssid parameter is specified then the driver
will craft a unique address for the device (if supported).
wdslegacy
Mark a wds device as operating in ``legacy mode''. Legacy wds
devices have a fixed peer relationship and do not, for example,
roam if their peer stops communicating. For completeness a
Dynamic WDS (DWDS) interface may marked as -wdslegacy.
bssid Request a unique local mac address for the cloned device. This
is only possible if the device supports multiple mac addresses.
To force use of the parent's mac address use -bssid.
beacons
Mark the cloned interface as depending on hardware support to
track received beacons. To have beacons tracked in software use
-beacons. For hostap mode -beacons can also be used to indicate
no beacons should be transmitted; this can be useful when
creating a WDS configuration but wds interfaces can only be
created as companions to an access point.
The following parameters are specific to IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces
cloned with a create operation:
ampdu Enable sending and receiving AMPDU frames when using 802.11n
(default). The 802.11n specification states a compliant station
must be capable of receiving AMPDU frames but transmission is
optional. Use -ampdu to disable all use of AMPDU with 802.11n.
For testing and/or to work around interoperability problems one
can use ampdutx and ampdurx to control use of AMPDU in one
direction.
ampdudensity density
Set the AMPDU density parameter used when operating with 802.11n.
This parameter controls the inter-packet gap for AMPDU frames.
The sending device normally controls this setting but a receiving
station may request wider gaps. Legal values for density are 0,
.25, .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 (microseconds). A value of - is
treated the same as 0.
ampdulimit limit
Set the limit on packet size for receiving AMPDU frames when
operating with 802.11n. Legal values for limit are 8192, 16384,
32768, and 65536 but one can also specify just the unique prefix:
8, 16, 32, 64. Note the sender may limit the size of AMPDU
frames to be less than the maximum specified by the receiving
station.
amsdu Enable sending and receiving AMSDU frames when using 802.11n. By
default AMSDU is received but not transmitted. Use -amsdu to
disable all use of AMSDU with 802.11n. For testing and/or to
work around interoperability problems one can use amsdutx and
amsdurx to control use of AMSDU in one direction.
amsdulimit limit
Set the limit on packet size for sending and receiving AMSDU
frames when operating with 802.11n. Legal values for limit are
7935 and 3839 (bytes). Note the sender may limit the size of
AMSDU frames to be less than the maximum specified by the
receiving station. Note also that devices are not required to
support the 7935 limit, only 3839 is required by the
specification and the larger value may require more memory to be
dedicated to support functionality that is rarely used.
apbridge
When operating as an access point, pass packets between wireless
clients directly (default). To instead let them pass up through
the system and be forwarded using some other mechanism, use
-apbridge. Disabling the internal bridging is useful when
traffic is to be processed with packet filtering.
authmode mode
Set the desired authentication mode in infrastructure mode. Not
all adapters support all modes. The set of valid modes is none,
open, shared (shared key), 8021x (IEEE 802.1x), and wpa (IEEE
WPA/WPA2/802.11i). The 8021x and wpa modes are only useful when
using an authentication service (a supplicant for client
operation or an authenticator when operating as an access point).
Modes are case insensitive.
bgscan Enable background scanning when operating as a station.
Background scanning is a technique whereby a station associated
to an access point will temporarily leave the channel to scan for
neighboring stations. This allows a station to maintain a cache
of nearby access points so that roaming between access points can
be done without a lengthy scan operation. Background scanning is
done only when a station is not busy and any outbound traffic
will cancel a scan operation. Background scanning should never
cause packets to be lost though there may be some small latency
if outbound traffic interrupts a scan operation. By default
background scanning is enabled if the device is capable. To
disable background scanning, use -bgscan. Background scanning is
controlled by the bgscanidle and bgscanintvl parameters.
Background scanning must be enabled for roaming; this is an
artifact of the current implementation and may not be required in
the future.
bgscanidle idletime
Set the minimum time a station must be idle (not transmitting or
receiving frames) before a background scan is initiated. The
idletime parameter is specified in milliseconds. By default a
station must be idle at least 250 milliseconds before a
background scan is initiated. The idle time may not be set to
less than 100 milliseconds.
bgscanintvl interval
Set the interval at which background scanning is attempted. The
interval parameter is specified in seconds. By default a
background scan is considered every 300 seconds (5 minutes). The
interval may not be set to less than 15 seconds.
bintval interval
Set the interval at which beacon frames are sent when operating
in ad-hoc or ap mode. The interval parameter is specified in
TU's (1024 usecs). By default beacon frames are transmitted
every 100 TU's.
bmissthreshold count
Set the number of consecutive missed beacons at which the station
will attempt to roam (i.e., search for a new access point). The
count parameter must be in the range 1 to 255; though the upper
bound may be reduced according to device capabilities. The
default threshold is 7 consecutive missed beacons; but this may
be overridden by the device driver. Another name for the
bmissthreshold parameter is bmiss.
bssid address
Specify the MAC address of the access point to use when operating
as a station in a BSS network. This overrides any automatic
selection done by the system. To disable a previously selected
access point, supply any, none, or - for the address. This
option is useful when more than one access point uses the same
SSID. Another name for the bssid parameter is ap.
burst Enable packet bursting. Packet bursting is a transmission
technique whereby the wireless medium is acquired once to send
multiple frames and the interframe spacing is reduced. This
technique can significantly increase throughput by reducing
transmission overhead. Packet bursting is supported by the
802.11e QoS specification and some devices that do not support
QoS may still be capable. By default packet bursting is enabled
if a device is capable of doing it. To disable packet bursting,
use -burst.
chanlist channels
Set the desired channels to use when scanning for access points,
neighbors in an IBSS network, or looking for unoccupied channels
when operating as an access point. The set of channels is
specified as a comma-separated list with each element in the list
representing either a single channel number or a range of the
form "a-b". Channel numbers must be in the range 1 to 255 and be
permissible according to the operating characteristics of the
device.
channel number
Set a single desired channel. Channels range from 1 to 255, but
the exact selection available depends on the region your adaptor
was manufactured for. Setting the channel to any, or - will
clear any desired channel and, if the device is marked up, force
a scan for a channel to operate on. Alternatively the frequency,
in megahertz, may be specified instead of the channel number.
When there are several ways to use a channel the channel
number/frequency may be appended with attributes to clarify. For
example, if a device is capable of operating on channel 6 with
802.11n and 802.11g then one can specify that g-only use should
be used by specifying ``6:g''. Similarly the channel width can
be specified by appending it with ``/''; e.g., ``6/40'' specifies
a 40MHz wide channel, These attributes can be combined as in:
``6:ht/40''. The full set of flags specified following a ``:''
are: a (802.11a), b (802.11b), d (Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode), g
(802.11g), h or n (802.11n aka HT), s (Atheros Static Turbo
mode), and t (Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode, or appended to ``st''
and ``dt''). The full set of channel widths following a '/' are:
5 (5MHz aka quarter-rate channel), 10 (10MHz aka half-rate
channel), 20 (20MHz mostly for use in specifying ht20), and 40
(40MHz mostly for use in specifying ht40). In addition, a 40MHz
HT channel specification may include the location of the
extension channel by appending ``+'' or ``-'' for above and
below, respectively; e.g., ``2437:ht/40+'' specifies 40MHz wide
HT operation with the center channel at frequency 2437 and the
extension channel above.
country name
Set the country code to use in calculating the regulatory
constraints for operation. In particular the set of available
channels, how the wireless device will operation on the channels,
and the maximum transmit power that can be used on a channel are
defined by this setting. Country/Region codes are specified as a
2-character abbreviation defined by ISO 3166 or using a longer,
but possibly ambiguous, spelling; e.g., "ES" and "Spain". The
set of country codes are taken from /etc/regdomain.xml and can
also be viewed with the ``list countries'' request. Note that
not all devices support changing the country code from a default
setting; typically stored in EEPROM. See also regdomain, indoor,
outdoor, and anywhere.
dfs Enable Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) as specified in 802.11h.
DFS embodies several facilities including detection of
overlapping radar signals, dynamic transmit power control, and
channel selection according to a least-congested criteria. DFS
support is mandatory for some 5GHz frequencies in certain locales
(e.g., ETSI). By default DFS is enabled according to the
regulatory definitions specified in /etc/regdomain.xml and the
current country code, regdomain, and channel. Note the
underlying device (and driver) must support radar detection for
full DFS support to work. To be fully compliant with the local
regulatory agency frequencies that require DFS should not be used
unless it is fully supported. Use -dfs to disable this
functionality for testing.
dotd Enable support for the 802.11d specification (default). When
this support is enabled in station mode, beacon frames that
advertise a country code different than the currently configured
country code will cause an event to be dispatched to user
applications. This event can be used by the station to adopt
that country code and operate according to the associated
regulatory constraints. When operating as an access point with
802.11d enabled the beacon and probe response frames transmitted
will advertise the current regulatory domain settings. To
disable 802.11d use -dotd.
doth Enable 802.11h support including spectrum management. When
802.11h is enabled beacon and probe response frames will have the
SpectrumMgt bit set in the capabilities field and country and
power constraint information elements will be present. 802.11h
support also includes handling Channel Switch Announcements (CSA)
which are a mechanism to coordinate channel changes by an access
point. By default 802.11h is enabled if the device is capable.
To disable 802.11h use -doth.
deftxkey index
Set the default key to use for transmission. Typically this is
only set when using WEP encryption. Note that you must set a
default transmit key for the system to know which key to use in
encrypting outbound traffic. The weptxkey is an alias for this
request; it is provided for backwards compatibility.
dtimperiod period
Set the DTIM period for transmitting buffered multicast data
frames when operating in ap mode. The period specifies the
number of beacon intervals between DTIM and must be in the range
1 to 15. By default DTIM is 1 (i.e., DTIM occurs at each
beacon).
quiet Enable the use of quiet IE. Hostap will use this to silence
other stations to reduce interference for radar detection when
operating on 5GHz frequency and doth support is enabled. Use
-quiet to disable this functionality.
quiet_period period
Set the QUIET period to the number of beacon intervals between
the start of regularly scheduled quiet intervals defined by Quiet
element.
quiet_count count
Set the QUIET count to the number of TBTTs until the beacon
interval during which the next quiet interval shall start. A
value of 1 indicates the quiet interval will start during the
beacon interval starting at the next TBTT. A value 0 is
reserved.
quiet_offset offset
Set the QUIET offset to the offset of the start of the quiet
interval from the TBTT specified by the Quiet count, expressed in
TUs. The value of the offset shall be less than one beacon
interval.
quiet_duration dur
Set the QUIET dur to the duration of the Quiet interval,
expressed in TUs. The value should be less than beacon interval.
dturbo Enable the use of Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode when communicating
with another Dynamic Turbo-capable station. Dynamic Turbo mode
is an Atheros-specific mechanism by which stations switch between
normal 802.11 operation and a ``boosted'' mode in which a 40MHz
wide channel is used for communication. Stations using Dynamic
Turbo mode operate boosted only when the channel is free of non-
dturbo stations; when a non-dturbo station is identified on the
channel all stations will automatically drop back to normal
operation. By default, Dynamic Turbo mode is not enabled, even
if the device is capable. Note that turbo mode (dynamic or
static) is only allowed on some channels depending on the
regulatory constraints; use the list chan command to identify the
channels where turbo mode may be used. To disable Dynamic Turbo
mode use -dturbo.
dwds Enable Dynamic WDS (DWDS) support. DWDS is a facility by which
4-address traffic can be carried between stations operating in
infrastructure mode. A station first associates to an access
point and authenticates using normal procedures (e.g., WPA).
Then 4-address frames are passed to carry traffic for stations
operating on either side of the wireless link. DWDS extends the
normal WDS mechanism by leveraging existing security protocols
and eliminating static binding.
When DWDS is enabled on an access point 4-address frames received
from an authorized station will generate a ``DWDS discovery''
event to user applications. This event should be used to create
a WDS interface that is bound to the remote station (and usually
plumbed into a bridge). Once the WDS interface is up and running
4-address traffic then logically flows through that interface.
When DWDS is enabled on a station, traffic with a destination
address different from the peer station are encapsulated in a
4-address frame and transmitted to the peer. All 4-address
traffic uses the security information of the stations (e.g.,
cryptographic keys). A station is associated using 802.11n
facilities may transport 4-address traffic using these same
mechanisms; this depends on available resources and capabilities
of the device. The DWDS implementation guards against layer 2
routing loops of multicast traffic.
ff Enable the use of Atheros Fast Frames when communicating with
another Fast Frames-capable station. Fast Frames are an
encapsulation technique by which two 802.3 frames are transmitted
in a single 802.11 frame. This can noticeably improve throughput
but requires that the receiving station understand how to
decapsulate the frame. Fast frame use is negotiated using the
Atheros 802.11 vendor-specific protocol extension so enabling use
is safe when communicating with non-Atheros devices. By default,
use of fast frames is enabled if the device is capable. To
explicitly disable fast frames, use -ff.
fragthreshold length
Set the threshold for which transmitted frames are broken into
fragments. The length argument is the frame size in bytes and
must be in the range 256 to 2346. Setting length to 2346, any,
or - disables transmit fragmentation. Not all adapters honor the
fragmentation threshold.
hidessid
When operating as an access point, do not broadcast the SSID in
beacon frames or respond to probe request frames unless they are
directed to the ap (i.e., they include the ap's SSID). By
default, the SSID is included in beacon frames and undirected
probe request frames are answered. To re-enable the broadcast of
the SSID etc., use -hidessid.
ht Enable use of High Throughput (HT) when using 802.11n (default).
The 802.11n specification includes mechanisms for operation on
20MHz and 40MHz wide channels using different signalling
mechanisms than specified in 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a.
Stations negotiate use of these facilities, termed HT20 and HT40,
when they associate. To disable all use of 802.11n use -ht. To
disable use of HT20 (e.g., to force only HT40 use) use -ht20. To
disable use of HT40 use -ht40.
HT configuration is used to ``auto promote'' operation when
several choices are available. For example, if a station
associates to an 11n-capable access point it controls whether the
station uses legacy operation, HT20, or HT40. When an 11n-
capable device is setup as an access point and Auto Channel
Selection is used to locate a channel to operate on, HT
configuration controls whether legacy, HT20, or HT40 operation is
setup on the selected channel. If a fixed channel is specified
for a station then HT configuration can be given as part of the
channel specification; e.g., 6:ht/20 to setup HT20 operation on
channel 6.
htcompat
Enable use of compatibility support for pre-802.11n devices
(default). The 802.11n protocol specification went through
several incompatible iterations. Some vendors implemented 11n
support to older specifications that will not interoperate with a
purely 11n-compliant station. In particular the information
elements included in management frames for old devices are
different. When compatibility support is enabled both standard
and compatible data will be provided. Stations that associate
using the compatibility mechanisms are flagged in ``list sta''.
To disable compatibility support use -htcompat.
htprotmode technique
For interfaces operating in 802.11n, use the specified technique
for protecting HT frames in a mixed legacy/HT network. The set
of valid techniques is off, and rts (RTS/CTS, default).
Technique names are case insensitive.
inact Enable inactivity processing for stations associated to an access
point (default). When operating as an access point the 802.11
layer monitors the activity of each associated station. When a
station is inactive for 5 minutes it will send several ``probe
frames'' to see if the station is still present. If no response
is received then the station is deauthenticated. Applications
that prefer to handle this work can disable this facility by
using -inact.
indoor Set the location to use in calculating regulatory constraints.
The location is also advertised in beacon and probe response
frames when 802.11d is enabled with dotd. See also outdoor,
anywhere, country, and regdomain.
list active
Display the list of channels available for use taking into
account any restrictions set with the chanlist directive. See
the description of list chan for more information.
list caps
Display the adaptor's capabilities, including the operating modes
supported.
list chan
Display the list of channels available for use. Channels are
shown with their IEEE channel number, equivalent frequency, and
usage modes. Channels identified as `11g' are also usable in
`11b' mode. Channels identified as `11a Turbo' may be used only
for Atheros' Static Turbo mode (specified with mediaopt turbo).
Channels marked with a `*' have a regulatory constraint that they
be passively scanned. This means a station is not permitted to
transmit on the channel until it identifies the channel is being
used for 802.11 communication; typically by hearing a beacon
frame from an access point operating on the channel. list freq
is another way of requesting this information. By default a
compacted list of channels is displayed; if the -v option is
specified then all channels are shown.
list countries
Display the set of country codes and regulatory domains that can
be used in regulatory configuration.
list mac
Display the current MAC Access Control List state. Each address
is prefixed with a character that indicates the current policy
applied to it: `+' indicates the address is allowed access, `-'
indicates the address is denied access, `*' indicates the address
is present but the current policy open (so the ACL is not
consulted).
list mesh
Displays the mesh routing table, used for forwarding packets on a
mesh network.
list regdomain
Display the current regulatory settings including the available
channels and transmit power caps.
list roam
Display the parameters that govern roaming operation.
list txparam
Display the parameters that govern transmit operation.
list txpower
Display the transmit power caps for each channel.
list scan
Display the access points and/or ad-hoc neighbors located in the
vicinity. This information may be updated automatically by the
adapter with a scan request or through background scanning.
Depending on the capabilities of the stations the following flags
can be included in the output:
A Channel agility.
B PBCC modulation.
C Poll request capability.
D DSSS/OFDM capability.
E Extended Service Set (ESS).
I Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS).
P Privacy capability. The station requires authentication.
R Robust Secure Network (RSN).
S Short Preamble. Indicates that the station is doing short
preamble to optionally improve throughput performance with
802.11g and 802.11b.
c Pollable capability.
s Short slot time capability.
By default interesting information elements captured from the
neighboring stations are displayed at the end of each row.
Possible elements include: WME (station supports WME), WPA
(station supports WPA), WPS (station supports WPS), RSN (station
supports 802.11i/RSN), HTCAP (station supports 802.11n/HT
communication), ATH (station supports Atheros protocol
extensions), VEN (station supports unknown vendor-specific
extensions). If the -v flag is used all the information elements
and their contents will be shown. Specifying the -v flag also
enables display of long SSIDs. The list ap command is another
way of requesting this information.
list sta
When operating as an access point display the stations that are
currently associated. When operating in ad-hoc mode display
stations identified as neighbors in the IBSS. When operating in
mesh mode display stations identified as neighbors in the MBSS.
When operating in station mode display the access point.
Capabilities advertised by the stations are described under the
scan request. The following flags can be included in the output:
A Authorized. Indicates that the station is permitted to
send/receive data frames.
E Extended Rate Phy (ERP). Indicates that the station is
operating in an 802.11g network using extended transmit
rates.
H High Throughput (HT). Indicates that the station is using
HT transmit rates. If a `+' follows immediately after then
the station associated using deprecated mechanisms supported
only when htcompat is enabled.
P Power Save. Indicates that the station is operating in
power save mode.
Q Quality of Service (QoS). Indicates that the station is
using QoS encapsulation for data frame. QoS encapsulation
is enabled only when WME mode is enabled.
S Short GI in HT 40MHz mode enabled. If a `+' follows
immediately after then short GI in HT 20MHz mode is enabled
as well.
T Transitional Security Network (TSN). Indicates that the
station associated using TSN; see also tsn below.
W Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS). Indicates that the station
associated using WPS.
s Short GI in HT 20MHz mode enabled.
By default information elements received from associated stations
are displayed in a short form; the -v flag causes this
information to be displayed symbolically.
list wme
Display the current channel parameters to use when operating in
WME mode. If the -v option is specified then both channel and
BSS parameters are displayed for each AC (first channel, then
BSS). When WME mode is enabled for an adaptor this information
will be displayed with the regular status; this command is mostly
useful for examining parameters when WME mode is disabled. See
the description of the wme directive for information on the
various parameters.
maxretry count
Set the maximum number of tries to use in sending unicast frames.
The default setting is 6 but drivers may override this with a
value they choose.
mcastrate rate
Set the rate for transmitting multicast/broadcast frames. Rates
are specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g., 5.5 for 5.5
Mb/s. This rate should be valid for the current operating
conditions; if an invalid rate is specified drivers are free to
chose an appropriate rate.
mgtrate rate
Set the rate for transmitting management and/or control frames.
Rates are specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g., 5.5 for
5.5 Mb/s.
outdoor
Set the location to use in calculating regulatory constraints.
The location is also advertised in beacon and probe response
frames when 802.11d is enabled with dotd. See also anywhere,
country, indoor, and regdomain.
powersave
Enable powersave operation. When operating as a client, the
station will conserve power by periodically turning off the radio
and listening for messages from the access point telling it there
are packets waiting. The station must then retrieve the packets.
Not all devices support power save operation as a client. The
802.11 specification requires that all access points support
power save but some drivers do not. Use -powersave to disable
powersave operation when operating as a client.
powersavesleep sleep
Set the desired max powersave sleep time in TU's (1024 usecs).
By default the max powersave sleep time is 100 TU's.
protmode technique
For interfaces operating in 802.11g, use the specified technique
for protecting OFDM frames in a mixed 11b/11g network. The set
of valid techniques is off, cts (CTS to self), and rtscts
(RTS/CTS). Technique names are case insensitive. Not all
devices support cts as a protection technique.
pureg When operating as an access point in 802.11g mode allow only 11g-
capable stations to associate (11b-only stations are not
permitted to associate). To allow both 11g and 11b-only stations
to associate, use -pureg.
puren When operating as an access point in 802.11n mode allow only HT-
capable stations to associate (legacy stations are not permitted
to associate). To allow both HT and legacy stations to
associate, use -puren.
regdomain sku
Set the regulatory domain to use in calculating the regulatory
constraints for operation. In particular the set of available
channels, how the wireless device will operation on the channels,
and the maximum transmit power that can be used on a channel are
defined by this setting. Regdomain codes (SKU's) are taken from
/etc/regdomain.xml and can also be viewed with the ``list
countries'' request. Note that not all devices support changing
the regdomain from a default setting; typically stored in EEPROM.
See also country, indoor, outdoor, and anywhere.
rifs Enable use of Reduced InterFrame Spacing (RIFS) when operating in
802.11n on an HT channel. Note that RIFS must be supported by
both the station and access point for it to be used. To disable
RIFS use -rifs.
roam:rate rate
Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in a
BSS. The rate parameter specifies the transmit rate in megabits
at which roaming should be considered. If the current transmit
rate drops below this setting and background scanning is enabled,
then the system will check if a more desirable access point is
available and switch over to it. The current scan cache contents
are used if they are considered valid according to the scanvalid
parameter; otherwise a background scan operation is triggered
before any selection occurs. Each channel type has a separate
rate threshold; the default values are: 12 Mb/s (11a), 2 Mb/s
(11b), 2 Mb/s (11g), MCS 1 (11na, 11ng).
roam:rssi rssi
Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in a
BSS. The rssi parameter specifies the receive signal strength in
dBm units at which roaming should be considered. If the current
rssi drops below this setting and background scanning is enabled,
then the system will check if a more desirable access point is
available and switch over to it. The current scan cache contents
are used if they are considered valid according to the scanvalid
parameter; otherwise a background scan operation is triggered
before any selection occurs. Each channel type has a separate
rssi threshold; the default values are all 7 dBm.
roaming mode
When operating as a station, control how the system will behave
when communication with the current access point is broken. The
mode argument may be one of device (leave it to the hardware
device to decide), auto (handle either in the device or the
operating system--as appropriate), manual (do nothing until
explicitly instructed). By default, the device is left to handle
this if it is capable; otherwise, the operating system will
automatically attempt to reestablish communication. Manual mode
is used by applications such as wpa_supplicant(8) that want to
control the selection of an access point.
rtsthreshold length
Set the threshold for which transmitted frames are preceded by
transmission of an RTS control frame. The length argument is the
frame size in bytes and must be in the range 1 to 2346. Setting
length to 2346, any, or - disables transmission of RTS frames.
Not all adapters support setting the RTS threshold.
scan Initiate a scan of neighboring stations, wait for it to complete,
and display all stations found. Only the super-user can initiate
a scan. See list scan for information on the display. By
default a background scan is done; otherwise a foreground scan is
done and the station may roam to a different access point. The
list scan request can be used to show recent scan results without
initiating a new scan.
scanvalid threshold
Set the maximum time the scan cache contents are considered
valid; i.e., will be used without first triggering a scan
operation to refresh the data. The threshold parameter is
specified in seconds and defaults to 60 seconds. The minimum
setting for threshold is 10 seconds. One should take care
setting this threshold; if it is set too low then attempts to
roam to another access point may trigger unnecessary background
scan operations.
shortgi
Enable use of Short Guard Interval when operating in 802.11n on
an HT channel. NB: this currently enables Short GI on both HT40
and HT20 channels. To disable Short GI use -shortgi.
smps Enable use of Static Spatial Multiplexing Power Save (SMPS) when
operating in 802.11n. A station operating with Static SMPS
maintains only a single receive chain active (this can
significantly reduce power consumption). To disable SMPS use
-smps.
smpsdyn
Enable use of Dynamic Spatial Multiplexing Power Save (SMPS) when
operating in 802.11n. A station operating with Dynamic SMPS
maintains only a single receive chain active but switches to
multiple receive chains when it receives an RTS frame (this can
significantly reduce power consumption). Note that stations
cannot distinguish between RTS/CTS intended to enable multiple
receive chains and those used for other purposes. To disable
SMPS use -smps.
ssid ssid
Set the desired Service Set Identifier (aka network name). The
SSID is a string up to 32 characters in length and may be
specified as either a normal string or in hexadecimal when
preceded by `0x'. Additionally, the SSID may be cleared by
setting it to `-'.
tdmaslot slot
When operating with TDMA, use the specified slot configuration.
The slot is a number between 0 and the maximum number of slots in
the BSS. Note that a station configured as slot 0 is a master
and will broadcast beacon frames advertising the BSS; stations
configured to use other slots will always scan to locate a master
before they ever transmit. By default tdmaslot is set to 1.
tdmaslotcnt cnt
When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS with cnt slots. The slot
count may be at most 8. The current implementation is only
tested with two stations (i.e., point to point applications).
This setting is only meaningful when a station is configured as
slot 0; other stations adopt this setting from the BSS they join.
By default tdmaslotcnt is set to 2.
tdmaslotlen len
When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS such that each station has
a slot len microseconds long. The slot length must be at least
150 microseconds (1/8 TU) and no more than 65 milliseconds. Note
that setting too small a slot length may result in poor channel
bandwidth utilization due to factors such as timer granularity
and guard time. This setting is only meaningful when a station
is configured as slot 0; other stations adopt this setting from
the BSS they join. By default tdmaslotlen is set to 10
milliseconds.
tdmabintval intval
When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS such that beacons are
transmitted every intval superframes to synchronize the TDMA slot
timing. A superframe is defined as the number of slots times the
slot length; e.g., a BSS with two slots of 10 milliseconds has a
20 millisecond superframe. The beacon interval may not be zero.
A lower setting of tdmabintval causes the timers to be
resynchronized more often; this can be help if significant timer
drift is observed. By default tdmabintval is set to 5.
tsn When operating as an access point with WPA/802.11i allow legacy
stations to associate using static key WEP and open
authentication. To disallow legacy station use of WEP, use -tsn.
txpower power
Set the power used to transmit frames. The power argument is
specified in .5 dBm units. Out of range values are truncated.
Typically only a few discreet power settings are available and
the driver will use the setting closest to the specified value.
Not all adapters support changing the transmit power.
ucastrate rate
Set a fixed rate for transmitting unicast frames. Rates are
specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g., 5.5 for 5.5 Mb/s.
This rate should be valid for the current operating conditions;
if an invalid rate is specified drivers are free to chose an
appropriate rate.
wepmode mode
Set the desired WEP mode. Not all adapters support all modes.
The set of valid modes is off, on, and mixed. The mixed mode
explicitly tells the adaptor to allow association with access
points which allow both encrypted and unencrypted traffic. On
these adapters, on means that the access point must only allow
encrypted connections. On other adapters, on is generally
another name for mixed. Modes are case insensitive.
weptxkey index
Set the WEP key to be used for transmission. This is the same as
setting the default transmission key with deftxkey.
wepkey key|index:key
Set the selected WEP key. If an index is not given, key 1 is
set. A WEP key will be either 5 or 13 characters (40 or 104
bits) depending on the local network and the capabilities of the
adaptor. It may be specified either as a plain string or as a
string of hexadecimal digits preceded by `0x'. For maximum
portability, hex keys are recommended; the mapping of text keys
to WEP encryption is usually driver-specific. In particular, the
Windows drivers do this mapping differently to FreeBSD. A key
may be cleared by setting it to `-'. If WEP is supported then
there are at least four keys. Some adapters support more than
four keys. If that is the case, then the first four keys (1-4)
will be the standard temporary keys and any others will be
adaptor specific keys such as permanent keys stored in NVRAM.
Note that you must set a default transmit key with deftxkey for
the system to know which key to use in encrypting outbound
traffic.
wme Enable Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WME) support, if
available, for the specified interface. WME is a subset of the
IEEE 802.11e standard to support the efficient communication of
realtime and multimedia data. To disable WME support, use -wme.
Another name for this parameter is wmm.
The following parameters are meaningful only when WME support is
in use. Parameters are specified per-AC (Access Category) and
split into those that are used by a station when acting as an
access point and those for client stations in the BSS. The
latter are received from the access point and may not be changed
(at the station). The following Access Categories are
recognized:
AC_BE (or BE) best effort delivery,
AC_BK (or BK) background traffic,
AC_VI (or VI) video traffic,
AC_VO (or VO) voice traffic.
AC parameters are case-insensitive. Traffic classification is
done in the operating system using the vlan priority associated
with data frames or the ToS (Type of Service) indication in IP-
encapsulated frames. If neither information is present, traffic
is assigned to the Best Effort (BE) category.
ack ac Set the ACK policy for QoS transmissions by the local
station; this controls whether or not data frames
transmitted by a station require an ACK response from the
receiving station. To disable waiting for an ACK use
-ack. This parameter is applied only to the local
station.
acm ac Enable the Admission Control Mandatory (ACM) mechanism
for transmissions by the local station. To disable the
ACM use -acm. On stations in a BSS this parameter is
read-only and indicates the setting received from the
access point. NB: ACM is not supported right now.
aifs ac count
Set the Arbitration Inter Frame Spacing (AIFS) channel
access parameter to use for transmissions by the local
station. On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-
only and indicates the setting received from the access
point.
cwmin ac count
Set the CWmin channel access parameter to use for
transmissions by the local station. On stations in a BSS
this parameter is read-only and indicates the setting
received from the access point.
cwmax ac count
Set the CWmax channel access parameter to use for
transmissions by the local station. On stations in a BSS
this parameter is read-only and indicates the setting
received from the access point.
txoplimit ac limit
Set the Transmission Opportunity Limit channel access
parameter to use for transmissions by the local station.
This parameter defines an interval of time when a WME
station has the right to initiate transmissions onto the
wireless medium. On stations in a BSS this parameter is
read-only and indicates the setting received from the
access point.
bss:aifs ac count
Set the AIFS channel access parameter to send to stations
in a BSS. This parameter is meaningful only when
operating in ap mode.
bss:cwmin ac count
Set the CWmin channel access parameter to send to
stations in a BSS. This parameter is meaningful only
when operating in ap mode.
bss:cwmax ac count
Set the CWmax channel access parameter to send to
stations in a BSS. This parameter is meaningful only
when operating in ap mode.
bss:txoplimit ac limit
Set the TxOpLimit channel access parameter to send to
stations in a BSS. This parameter is meaningful only
when operating in ap mode.
wps Enable Wireless Privacy Subscriber support. Note that WPS
support requires a WPS-capable supplicant. To disable this
function use -wps.
The following parameters support an optional access control list feature
available with some adapters when operating in ap mode; see wlan_acl(4).
This facility allows an access point to accept/deny association requests
based on the MAC address of the station. Note that this feature does not
significantly enhance security as MAC address spoofing is easy to do.
mac:add address
Add the specified MAC address to the database. Depending on the
policy setting association requests from the specified station
will be allowed or denied.
mac:allow
Set the ACL policy to permit association only by stations
registered in the database.
mac:del address
Delete the specified MAC address from the database.
mac:deny
Set the ACL policy to deny association only by stations
registered in the database.
mac:kick address
Force the specified station to be deauthenticated. This
typically is done to block a station after updating the address
database.
mac:open
Set the ACL policy to allow all stations to associate.
mac:flush
Delete all entries in the database.
mac:radius
Set the ACL policy to permit association only by stations
approved by a RADIUS server. Note that this feature requires the
hostapd(8) program be configured to do the right thing as it
handles the RADIUS processing (and marks stations as authorized).
The following parameters are related to a wireless interface operating in
mesh mode:
meshid meshid
Set the desired Mesh Identifier. The Mesh ID is a string up to
32 characters in length. A mesh interface must have a Mesh
Identifier specified to reach an operational state.
meshttl ttl
Set the desired ``time to live'' for mesh forwarded packets; this
is the number of hops a packet may be forwarded before it is
discarded. The default setting for meshttl is 31.
meshpeering
Enable or disable peering with neighbor mesh stations. Stations
must peer before any data packets can be exchanged. By default
meshpeering is enabled.
meshforward
Enable or disable forwarding packets by a mesh interface. By
default meshforward is enabled.
meshgate
This attribute specifies whether or not the mesh STA activates
mesh gate announcements. By default meshgate is disabled.
meshmetric protocol
Set the specified protocol as the link metric protocol used on a
mesh network. The default protocol is called AIRTIME. The mesh
interface will restart after changing this setting.
meshpath protocol
Set the specified protocol as the path selection protocol used on
a mesh network. The only available protocol at the moment is
called HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol). The mesh interface
will restart after changing this setting.
hwmprootmode mode
Stations on a mesh network can operate as ``root nodes.'' Root
nodes try to find paths to all mesh nodes and advertise
themselves regularly. When there is a root mesh node on a
network, other mesh nodes can setup paths between themselves
faster because they can use the root node to find the
destination. This path may not be the best, but on-demand
routing will eventually find the best path. The following modes
are recognized:
DISABLED Disable root mode.
NORMAL Send broadcast path requests every two seconds.
Nodes on the mesh without a path to this root mesh
station with try to discover a path to us.
PROACTIVE Send broadcast path requests every two seconds and
every node must reply with a path reply even if it
already has a path to this root mesh station.
RANN Send broadcast root announcement (RANN) frames.
Nodes on the mesh without a path to this root mesh
station with try to discover a path to us.
By default hwmprootmode is set to DISABLED.
hwmpmaxhops cnt
Set the maximum number of hops allowed in an HMWP path to cnt.
The default setting for hwmpmaxhops is 31.
The following parameters are for compatibility with other systems:
nwid ssid
Another name for the ssid parameter. Included for NetBSD
compatibility.
stationname name
Set the name of this station. The station name is not part of
the IEEE 802.11 protocol though some interfaces support it. As
such it only seems to be meaningful to identical or virtually
identical equipment. Setting the station name is identical in
syntax to setting the SSID. One can also use station for BSD/OS
compatibility.
wep Another way of saying wepmode on. Included for BSD/OS
compatibility.
-wep Another way of saying wepmode off. Included for BSD/OS
compatibility.
nwkey key
Another way of saying: "wepmode on weptxkey 1 wepkey 1:key wepkey
2:- wepkey 3:- wepkey 4:-". Included for NetBSD compatibility.
nwkey n:k1,k2,k3,k4
Another way of saying "wepmode on weptxkey n wepkey 1:k1 wepkey
2:k2 wepkey 3:k3 wepkey 4:k4". Included for NetBSD
compatibility.
-nwkey Another way of saying wepmode off. Included for NetBSD
compatibility.
The following parameters are specific to bridge interfaces:
addm interface
Add the interface named by interface as a member of the bridge.
The interface is put into promiscuous mode so that it can receive
every packet sent on the network.
deletem interface
Remove the interface named by interface from the bridge.
Promiscuous mode is disabled on the interface when it is removed
from the bridge.
maxaddr size
Set the size of the bridge address cache to size. The default is
2000 entries.
timeout seconds
Set the timeout of address cache entries to seconds seconds. If
seconds is zero, then address cache entries will not be expired.
The default is 1200 seconds.
addr Display the addresses that have been learned by the bridge.
static interface-name address
Add a static entry into the address cache pointing to
interface-name. Static entries are never aged out of the cache
or re-placed, even if the address is seen on a different
interface.
deladdr address
Delete address from the address cache.
flush Delete all dynamically-learned addresses from the address cache.
flushall
Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the
address cache.
discover interface
Mark an interface as a "discovering" interface. When the bridge
has no address cache entry (either dynamic or static) for the
destination address of a packet, the bridge will forward the
packet to all member interfaces marked as "discovering". This is
the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
-discover interface
Clear the "discovering" attribute on a member interface. For
packets without the "discovering" attribute, the only packets
forwarded on the interface are broadcast or multicast packets and
packets for which the destination address is known to be on the
interface's segment.
learn interface
Mark an interface as a "learning" interface. When a packet
arrives on such an interface, the source address of the packet is
entered into the address cache as being a destination address on
the interface's segment. This is the default for all interfaces
added to a bridge.
-learn interface
Clear the "learning" attribute on a member interface.
sticky interface
Mark an interface as a "sticky" interface. Dynamically learned
address entries are treated at static once entered into the
cache. Sticky entries are never aged out of the cache or
replaced, even if the address is seen on a different interface.
-sticky interface
Clear the "sticky" attribute on a member interface.
private interface
Mark an interface as a "private" interface. A private interface
does not forward any traffic to any other port that is also a
private interface.
-private interface
Clear the "private" attribute on a member interface.
span interface
Add the interface named by interface as a span port on the
bridge. Span ports transmit a copy of every frame received by
the bridge. This is most useful for snooping a bridged network
passively on another host connected to one of the span ports of
the bridge.
-span interface
Delete the interface named by interface from the list of span
ports of the bridge.
stp interface
Enable Spanning Tree protocol on interface. The if_bridge(4)
driver has support for the IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree protocol
(STP). Spanning Tree is used to detect and remove loops in a
network topology.
-stp interface
Disable Spanning Tree protocol on interface. This is the default
for all interfaces added to a bridge.
edge interface
Set interface as an edge port. An edge port connects directly to
end stations cannot create bridging loops in the network, this
allows it to transition straight to forwarding.
-edge interface
Disable edge status on interface.
autoedge interface
Allow interface to automatically detect edge status. This is the
default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
-autoedge interface
Disable automatic edge status on interface.
ptp interface
Set the interface as a point to point link. This is required for
straight transitions to forwarding and should be enabled on a
direct link to another RSTP capable switch.
-ptp interface
Disable point to point link status on interface. This should be
disabled for a half duplex link and for an interface connected to
a shared network segment, like a hub or a wireless network.
autoptp interface
Automatically detect the point to point status on interface by
checking the full duplex link status. This is the default for
interfaces added to the bridge.
-autoptp interface
Disable automatic point to point link detection on interface.
maxage seconds
Set the time that a Spanning Tree protocol configuration is
valid. The default is 20 seconds. The minimum is 6 seconds and
the maximum is 40 seconds.
fwddelay seconds
Set the time that must pass before an interface begins forwarding
packets when Spanning Tree is enabled. The default is 15
seconds. The minimum is 4 seconds and the maximum is 30 seconds.
hellotime seconds
Set the time between broadcasting of Spanning Tree protocol
configuration messages. The hello time may only be changed when
operating in legacy stp mode. The default is 2 seconds. The
minimum is 1 second and the maximum is 2 seconds.
priority value
Set the bridge priority for Spanning Tree. The default is 32768.
The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 61440.
proto value
Set the Spanning Tree protocol. The default is rstp. The
available options are stp and rstp.
holdcnt value
Set the transmit hold count for Spanning Tree. This is the
number of packets transmitted before being rate limited. The
default is 6. The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 10.
ifpriority interface value
Set the Spanning Tree priority of interface to value. The
default is 128. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 240.
ifpathcost interface value
Set the Spanning Tree path cost of interface to value. The
default is calculated from the link speed. To change a
previously selected path cost back to automatic, set the cost to
0. The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 200000000.
ifmaxaddr interface size
Set the maximum number of hosts allowed from an interface,
packets with unknown source addresses are dropped until an
existing host cache entry expires or is removed. Set to 0 to
disable.
The following parameters are specific to lagg interfaces:
laggtype type
When creating a lagg interface the type can be specified as
either ethernet or infiniband. If not specified ethernet is the
default lagg type.
laggport interface
Add the interface named by interface as a port of the aggregation
interface.
-laggport interface
Remove the interface named by interface from the aggregation
interface.
laggproto proto
Set the aggregation protocol. The default is failover. The
available options are failover, lacp, loadbalance, roundrobin,
broadcast and none.
lagghash option[,option]
Set the packet layers to hash for aggregation protocols which
load balance. The default is "l2,l3,l4". The options can be
combined using commas.
l2 src/dst mac address and optional vlan number.
l3 src/dst address for IPv4 or IPv6.
l4 src/dst port for TCP/UDP/SCTP.
-use_flowid
Enable local hash computation for RSS hash on the interface. The
loadbalance and lacp modes will use the RSS hash from the network
card if available to avoid computing one, this may give poor
traffic distribution if the hash is invalid or uses less of the
protocol header information. -use_flowid disables use of RSS
hash from the network card. The default value can be set via the
net.link.lagg.default_use_flowid sysctl(8) variable. 0 means
"disabled" and 1 means "enabled".
use_flowid
Use the RSS hash from the network card if available.
flowid_shift number
Set a shift parameter for RSS local hash computation. Hash is
calculated by using flowid bits in a packet header mbuf which are
shifted by the number of this parameter.
use_numa
Enable selection of egress ports based on the native NUMA(4)
domain for the packets being transmitted. This is currently only
implemented for lacp mode. This works only on NUMA(4) hardware,
running a kernel compiled with the NUMA(4) option, and when
interfaces from multiple NUMA(4) domains are ports of the
aggregation interface.
-use_numa
Disable selection of egress ports based on the native NUMA(4)
domain for the packets being transmitted.
lacp_fast_timeout
Enable lacp fast-timeout on the interface.
-lacp_fast_timeout
Disable lacp fast-timeout on the interface.
lacp_strict
Enable lacp strict compliance on the interface. The default
value can be set via the net.link.lagg.lacp.default_strict_mode
sysctl(8) variable. 0 means "disabled" and 1 means "enabled".
-lacp_strict
Disable lacp strict compliance on the interface.
rr_limit number
Configure a stride for an interface in round-robin mode. The
default stride is 1.
The following parameters apply to IP tunnel interfaces, gif(4):
tunnel src_addr dest_addr
Configure the physical source and destination address for IP
tunnel interfaces. The arguments src_addr and dest_addr are
interpreted as the outer source/destination for the encapsulating
IPv4/IPv6 header.
-tunnel
Unconfigure the physical source and destination address for IP
tunnel interfaces previously configured with tunnel.
deletetunnel
Another name for the -tunnel parameter.
accept_rev_ethip_ver
Set a flag to accept both correct EtherIP packets and ones with
reversed version field. Enabled by default. This is for
backward compatibility with FreeBSD 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 7.1.
-accept_rev_ethip_ver
Clear a flag accept_rev_ethip_ver.
ignore_source
Set a flag to accept encapsulated packets destined to this host
independently from source address. This may be useful for hosts,
that receive encapsulated packets from the load balancers.
-ignore_source
Clear a flag ignore_source.
send_rev_ethip_ver
Set a flag to send EtherIP packets with reversed version field
intentionally. Disabled by default. This is for backward
compatibility with FreeBSD 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 7.1.
-send_rev_ethip_ver
Clear a flag send_rev_ethip_ver.
The following parameters apply to GRE tunnel interfaces, gre(4):
tunnel src_addr dest_addr
Configure the physical source and destination address for GRE
tunnel interfaces. The arguments src_addr and dest_addr are
interpreted as the outer source/destination for the encapsulating
IPv4/IPv6 header.
-tunnel
Unconfigure the physical source and destination address for GRE
tunnel interfaces previously configured with tunnel.
deletetunnel
Another name for the -tunnel parameter.
grekey key
Configure the GRE key to be used for outgoing packets. Note that
gre(4) will always accept GRE packets with invalid or absent
keys. This command will result in a four byte MTU reduction on
the interface.
The following parameters are specific to pfsync(4) interfaces:
syncdev iface
Use the specified interface to send and receive pfsync state
synchronisation messages.
-syncdev
Stop sending pfsync state synchronisation messages over the
network.
syncpeer peer_address
Make the pfsync link point-to-point rather than using multicast
to broadcast the state synchronisation messages. The
peer_address is the IP address of the other host taking part in
the pfsync cluster.
-syncpeer
Broadcast the packets using multicast.
maxupd n
Set the maximum number of updates for a single state which can be
collapsed into one. This is an 8-bit number; the default value
is 128.
defer Defer transmission of the first packet in a state until a peer
has acknowledged that the associated state has been inserted.
-defer Do not defer the first packet in a state. This is the default.
The following parameters are specific to vlan(4) interfaces:
vlan vlan_tag
Set the VLAN tag value to vlan_tag. This value is a 12-bit VLAN
Identifier (VID) which is used to create an 802.1Q or 802.1ad
VLAN header for packets sent from the vlan(4) interface. Note
that vlan and vlandev must both be set at the same time.
vlanproto vlan_proto
Set the VLAN encapsulation protocol to vlan_proto. Supported
encapsulation protocols are currently "802.1Q" and "802.1ad".
The default encapsulation protocol is "802.1Q". The "802.1ad"
protocol is also commonly known as "QinQ"; either name can be
used.
vlanpcp priority_code_point
Priority code point (PCP) is an 3-bit field which refers to the
IEEE 802.1p class of service and maps to the frame priority
level.
Values in order of priority are: 1 (Background (lowest)), 0 (Best
effort (default)), 2 (Excellent effort), 3 (Critical
applications), 4 (Video, < 100ms latency and jitter), 5 (Voice, <
10ms latency and jitter), 6 (Internetwork control), 7 (Network
control (highest)).
vlandev iface
Associate the physical interface iface with a vlan(4) interface.
Packets transmitted through the vlan(4) interface will be
diverted to the specified physical interface iface with 802.1Q
VLAN encapsulation. Packets with 802.1Q encapsulation received
by the parent interface with the correct VLAN Identifier will be
diverted to the associated vlan(4) pseudo-interface. The vlan(4)
interface is assigned a copy of the parent interface's flags and
the parent's Ethernet address. The vlandev and vlan must both be
set at the same time. If the vlan(4) interface already has a
physical interface associated with it, this command will fail.
To change the association to another physical interface, the
existing association must be cleared first.
Note: if the hardware tagging capability is set on the parent
interface, the vlan(4) pseudo interface's behavior changes: the
vlan(4) interface recognizes that the parent interface supports
insertion and extraction of VLAN tags on its own (usually in
firmware) and that it should pass packets to and from the parent
unaltered.
-vlandev [iface]
If the driver is a vlan(4) pseudo device, disassociate the parent
interface from it. This breaks the link between the vlan(4)
interface and its parent, clears its VLAN Identifier, flags and
its link address and shuts the interface down. The iface
argument is useless and hence deprecated.
The following parameters are used to configure vxlan(4) interfaces.
vxlanid identifier
This value is a 24-bit VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) that
identifies the virtual network segment membership of the
interface.
vxlanlocal address
The source address used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header.
The address should already be assigned to an existing interface.
When the interface is configured in unicast mode, the listening
socket is bound to this address.
vxlanremote address
The interface can be configured in a unicast, or point-to-point,
mode to create a tunnel between two hosts. This is the IP
address of the remote end of the tunnel.
vxlangroup address
The interface can be configured in a multicast mode to create a
virtual network of hosts. This is the IP multicast group address
the interface will join.
vxlanlocalport port
The port number the interface will listen on. The default port
number is 4789.
vxlanremoteport port
The destination port number used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6
header. The remote host should be listening on this port. The
default port number is 4789. Note some other implementations,
such as Linux, do not default to the IANA assigned port, but
instead listen on port 8472.
vxlanportrange low high
The range of source ports used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6
header. The port selected within the range is based on a hash of
the inner frame. A range is useful to provide entropy within the
outer IP header for more effective load balancing. The default
range is between the sysctl(8) variables
net.inet.ip.portrange.first and net.inet.ip.portrange.last
vxlantimeout timeout
The maximum time, in seconds, before an entry in the forwarding
table is pruned. The default is 1200 seconds (20 minutes).
vxlanmaxaddr max
The maximum number of entries in the forwarding table. The
default is 2000.
vxlandev dev
When the interface is configured in multicast mode, the dev
interface is used to transmit IP multicast packets.
vxlanttl ttl
The TTL used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header. The default
is 64.
vxlanlearn
The source IP address and inner source Ethernet MAC address of
received packets are used to dynamically populate the forwarding
table. When in multicast mode, an entry in the forwarding table
allows the interface to send the frame directly to the remote
host instead of broadcasting the frame to the multicast group.
This is the default.
-vxlanlearn
The forwarding table is not populated by received packets.
vxlanflush
Delete all dynamically-learned addresses from the forwarding
table.
vxlanflushall
Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the
forwarding table.
The following parameters are used to configure carp(4) protocol on an
interface:
vhid n Set the virtual host ID. This is a required setting to initiate
carp(4). If the virtual host ID does not exist yet, it is
created and attached to the interface, otherwise configuration of
an existing vhid is adjusted. If the vhid keyword is supplied
along with an "inet6" or "inet" address, then this address is
configured to be run under control of the specified vhid.
Whenever a last address that refers to a particular vhid is
removed from an interface, the vhid is automatically removed from
interface and destroyed. Any other configuration parameters for
the carp(4) protocol should be supplied along with the vhid
keyword. Acceptable values for vhid are 1 to 255.
advbase seconds
Specifies the base of the advertisement interval in seconds. The
acceptable values are 1 to 255. The default value is 1.
advskew interval
Specifies the skew to add to the base advertisement interval to
make one host advertise slower than another host. It is
specified in 1/256 of seconds. The acceptable values are 1 to
254. The default value is 0.
pass phrase
Set the authentication key to phrase.
state MASTER|BACKUP
Forcibly change state of a given vhid.
The ifconfig utility displays the current configuration for a network
interface when no optional parameters are supplied. If a protocol family
is specified, ifconfig will report only the details specific to that
protocol family.
If the -m flag is passed before an interface name, ifconfig will display
the capability list and all of the supported media for the specified
interface. If -L flag is supplied, address lifetime is displayed for
IPv6 addresses, as time offset string.
Optionally, the -a flag may be used instead of an interface name. This
flag instructs ifconfig to display information about all interfaces in
the system. The -d flag limits this to interfaces that are down, -u
limits this to interfaces that are up, -g limits this to members of the
specified group of interfaces, and -G excludes members of the specified
group from the list. Both -g and -G flags may be specified to apply both
conditions. Only one option -g should be specified as later override
previous ones (same for -G). groupname may contain shell patterns in
which case it should be quoted. When no arguments are given, -a is
implied.
The -l flag may be used to list all available interfaces on the system,
with no other additional information. If an address_family is specified,
only interfaces of that type will be listed. -l "ether" will list only
Ethernet adapters, excluding the loopback interface. Use of this flag is
mutually exclusive with all other flags and commands, except for -d (only
list interfaces that are down) and -u (only list interfaces that are up).
The -v flag may be used to get more verbose status for an interface.
The -C flag may be used to list all of the interface cloners available on
the system, with no additional information. Use of this flag is mutually
exclusive with all other flags and commands.
The -k flag causes keying information for the interface, if available, to
be printed. For example, the values of 802.11 WEP keys and carp(4)
passphrases will be printed, if accessible to the current user. This
information is not printed by default, as it may be considered sensitive.
If the network interface driver is not present in the kernel then
ifconfig will attempt to load it. The -n flag disables this behavior.
Only the super-user may modify the configuration of a network interface.
EXAMPLES
Assign the IPv4 address 192.0.2.10, with a network mask of 255.255.255.0,
to the interface em0:
# ifconfig em0 inet 192.0.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
Add the IPv4 address 192.0.2.45, with the CIDR network prefix /28, to the
interface em0, using add as a synonym for the canonical form of the
option alias:
# ifconfig em0 inet 192.0.2.45/28 add
Remove the IPv4 address 192.0.2.45 from the interface em0:
# ifconfig em0 inet 192.0.2.45 -alias
Enable IPv6 functionality of the interface:
# ifconfig em0 inet6 -ifdisabled
Add the IPv6 address 2001:DB8:DBDB::123/48 to the interface em0:
# ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123 prefixlen 48 alias
Note that lower case hexadecimal IPv6 addresses are acceptable.
Remove the IPv6 address added in the above example, using the / character
as shorthand for the network prefix, and using delete as a synonym for
the canonical form of the option -alias:
# ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123/48 delete
Configure a single CARP redundant address on igb0, and then switch it to
be master:
# ifconfig igb0 vhid 1 10.0.0.1/24 pass foobar up
# ifconfig igb0 vhid 1 state master
Configure the interface xl0, to use 100baseTX, full duplex Ethernet media
options:
# ifconfig xl0 media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex
Label the em0 interface as an uplink:
# ifconfig em0 description "Uplink to Gigabit Switch 2"
Create the software network interface gif1:
# ifconfig gif1 create
Destroy the software network interface gif1:
# ifconfig gif1 destroy
Display available wireless networks using wlan0:
# ifconfig wlan0 list scan
Display inet and inet6 address subnet masks in CIDR notation
# ifconfig -f inet:cidr,inet6:cidr
Display interfaces that are up with the exception of loopback
# ifconfig -a -u -G lo
DIAGNOSTICS
Messages indicating the specified interface does not exist, the requested
address is unknown, or the user is not privileged and tried to alter an
interface's configuration.
SEE ALSO
netstat(1), carp(4), gif(4), netintro(4), pfsync(4), polling(4), vlan(4),
vxlan(4), devd.conf(5), devd(8), jail(8), rc(8), routed(8), sysctl(8)
HISTORY
The ifconfig utility appeared in 4.2BSD.
BUGS
Basic IPv6 node operation requires a link-local address on each interface
configured for IPv6. Normally, such an address is automatically
configured by the kernel on each interface added to the system or
enabled; this behavior may be disabled by setting per-interface flag
-auto_linklocal. The default value of this flag is 1 and can be disabled
by using the sysctl MIB variable net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal.
Do not configure IPv6 addresses with no link-local address by using
ifconfig. It can result in unexpected behaviors of the kernel.
FreeBSD 13.1-RELEASE-p6 April 29, 2021 FreeBSD 13.1-RELEASE-p6
man2web Home...